Research in biological and physical sciences in space provides the critical scientific and technological foundations that make space exploration possible. As humanity looks towards the Moon and Mars for future missions, this work is needed to help astronauts adapt and live in the harsh environments of space. Thriving in Space provides a roadmap for increasing national investment in biological and physical science research, from experiments to infrastructure to education. This report identifies key scientific questions, priorities, and ambitious research campaigns that will enable human space exploration and transform our understanding of how the universe works. Thriving in Space reviews the state of knowledge in the current and emerging areas of space-related biological and physical sciences research and generates recommendations for a comprehensive vision and strategy for a decade of transformative science at the frontiers of biological and physical sciences research in space. This report will help NASA define and align biological and physical sciences research to uniquely advance scientific knowledge, meet human and robotic exploration mission needs, and provide terrestrial benefits. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Current State of Knowledge in the Biological and Physical Sciences3 Framework for Thriving in Space by Prioritizing Themes and Scientific Questions4 Science to Enable Space Exploration5 Science Enabled by the Space Environment6 Research Campaigns7 Strategy and Challenges for Disciplinary Balance, Infrastructure, and Access and a Vibrantly Sustained Space Science CommunityReferencesAppendixesAppendix A: Statement of TaskAppendix B: Acronyms and AbbreviationsAppendix C: Steering Committee and Staff Biographical InformationAppendix D: Complementarity of NASA's Division of Biological and Physical Sciences and Human Research ProgramAppendix E: Technical Risk and Cost Evaluation Related to the Chapter 6 Research CampaignsAppendix F: Key Scientific Questions and Recommendations for BPS Space Research Over the Decade 20232032