Government Purchasing and Competition: The Problem and Its Significance examines the purchasing policies of civilian federal agencies in the United States, focusing on their impact on competition and market efficiency. The study primarily explores two key policy features: the legal requirement for sealed bids in contracting and the centralization of purchasing authority under the General Services Administration. This approach not only sheds light on government procurement strategies but also seeks to contribute to a broader understanding of how large-quantity buyers influence market dynamics. Traditionally, research has concentrated on sellers' policies, but this study pivots to the economic effects of buyers' strategies, particularly those of significant entities like the federal government, which can shape market practices without requiring legislative intervention. The study highlights that large buyers, including government entities, have the potential to drive efficiencies in the market by encouraging competition, rational pricing, and product improvements. By analyzing the federal government's purchasing practices, which often differ from those of private buyers, the study provides insights into how procurement policies can maximize utility per dollar and improve supply chain performance. It underscores the importance of internal and external purchasing policies, such as specifications, bidding processes, and contract awards, in influencing market behaviors. The focus on civilian goods further narrows the scope to items purchased in direct competition with private buyers, excluding military and strategic materials to maintain relevance to private-sector comparisons. By examining these policies, the study offers a foundation for optimizing procurement strategies and enhancing the effectiveness of large-scale purchasing operations. This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press’s mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1954.