This book aims to provide a comprehensive overview of all known abiotic stresses and their impact on the various physiological processes in plants. The first chapter serves as an introduction, providing a general overview of abiotic stress and the effects of various factors on crops. The second chapter discusses the impact of abiotic stress on seed germination, seedling growth, and root development. The third chapter is a contributory chapter that focuses on the various aspects of biological nitrogen fixation under abiotic stress. The fourth chapter examines the growth, development, and phenology of crop plants under environmental stress conditions. The fifth chapter explores the effects of abiotic stress on photosynthesis. The sixth chapter discusses the role of mineral nutrition in overcoming abiotic stress and the importance of different nutrients in this process. The seventh chapter focuses on the use of transgenic approaches to enhance drought tolerance, and the eighth chapter examines the impact of abiotic stress on plant respiration processes. These review chapters emphasize the importance of understanding the physiological mechanisms of crops in order to improve crop yield. The study of crop physiology can assist cereal breeding by improving our understanding of the factors that determine crop yield and adaptation, defining particular secondary traits to select, indicating the kind of genetically modified organisms with potential for development and how to test them, and phenotyping associated with marker-assisted selection.